-national news organ of the French Republic

-a newspaper and Photonics > Photonic telegraphy and Photescopy broadcaster

-broad circulation and global reach

-tendencies towards propaganda curbed by rules

-becomes national newspaper in 1799

-quickly includes sections on literature, arts beyond just government reports

-with rise of Semaphore, French government broadcasts Moniteur news bulletin across nation weekly

-and even beyond, with French semaphore network a thing as far as Batavian Republic, Italy, and parts of Germany

-with rise of Telegraphy, following French Wars > Third French War (1847-54), service shifted over to electric network seamlessly

-and then with rise of Photonics > Photonic telegraphy shifted onto there